Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities

von: Gereon Meyer, Susan Shaheen

Springer-Verlag, 2017

ISBN: 9783319516028

Sprache: Englisch

346 Seiten, Download: 7174 KB

Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen

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Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities

	Preface	6
	Contents	10
	Public Sector Activities	12
	1 Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045—A National Dialogue About Future Transportation Opportunities and Challenges	13
	Abstract	13
	1 Introduction: Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045	13
	2 How We Move	14
	2.1 Growing Travel Demand in Metropolitan Areas	14
	2.2 Slowing Demand for Vehicle Travel	15
	2.3 The Travel Preferences of Older and Younger Americans	16
	2.4 Increasing Travel Choices	16
	2.5 Improving Safety	17
	2.6 Key Policy Options	17
	3 How We Move Things	18
	3.1 Growing Freight Demand and International Trade	18
	3.2 Impacts of Freight on Our Communities and Environment	18
	3.3 Innovations in Freight	19
	3.4 Workforce Challenges	20
	3.5 Moving Fuel	20
	3.6 Key Policy Options	21
	4 How We Move Better	21
	4.1 Nontransportation Technologies Transforming Transportation	21
	4.2 Advances in Aviation Technology	22
	4.3 Connected and Automated Vehicles	22
	4.4 Key Policy Options	23
	5 How We Adapt	23
	5.1 Increasingly Vulnerable Infrastructure	23
	5.2 Limiting Transportation Emissions	24
	5.3 Supporting Hybrid, Electric, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles	24
	5.4 Key Policy Options	25
	6 How We Align Decisions and Dollars	25
	6.1 Coordinating Transportation Decisions	26
	6.2 Constrained Transportation Revenues	26
	6.3 Innovative Financing	27
	6.4 Improving Efficiency	28
	6.5 Key Policy Options	28
	7 Conclusion	29
	References	29
	2 Creating an Innovative Mobility Ecosystem for Urban Planning Areas	31
	Abstract	31
	1 Introduction: A Mobility Megatrend	31
	2 Developing a Framework for the Mobility Ecosystem Model	33
	2.1 Clean and Healthy Cities: The Challenges of Urban Mobility and Smart City Building	35
	2.2 Sociability: Changing Socioeconomic Structure and Travel Patterns	35
	2.3 Smart Growth Principles Linking the Right Mobility Mix	36
	2.4 Smart and Easy Access	38
	2.5 Safety in the Planning Process	38
	2.6 World Class Infrastructure	39
	3 Formulation of a Mobility Ecosystem in the City Planning Process	40
	3.1 Process and Resources for Mobility Ecosystem Planning Model	40
	3.2 Development of Quantitative Model for Mobility Ecosystem Planning	41
	4 Results and Discussion on Outcome of Mobility Ecosystem Model	44
	4.1 Sociability: Reinventing Multimodal Mobility with Social Innovation	44
	4.2 Smart Growth: Integration of Land-use and Mobility	45
	4.3 Smart and Easy Access for All Mobility Users	47
	4.4 Safety First Approach	48
	4.5 Recommended World Class Infrastructure	48
	4.6 Smart Use of Energy, Environment, and Healthy Planning	50
	5 Moving Forward: Implementation Process and Partners	51
	5.1 Incremental Steps and Evolution of Mobility Ecosystem Planning	52
	5.2 Critical Changes and Stakeholder Function	52
	6 Summary and Conclusions: Vision for People-Oriented Mobility Ecosystem	53
	Disclaimer	54
	References	54
	Sharing Economy and Multimodal Mobility	58
	3 How Disruptive Can Shared Mobility Be? A Scenario-Based Evaluation of Shared Mobility Systems Implemented at Large Scale	59
	Abstract	59
	1 Introduction	59
	2 Background	60
	3 Methodology	62
	3.1 Prescreening of Possible Shared Mobility Scenarios	63
	3.2 Surveys and Models	63
	3.3 Final Assessment of Shared Mobility Scenarios	63
	3.4 The Simulation Tool	64
	4 Scenarios and Preliminary Results	64
	4.1 Scenario Generation	65
	4.1.1 Car-Sharing	65
	4.1.2 Bike-Sharing	65
	4.2 Simulations: Preliminary Results	65
	4.3 Discussion	67
	5 Summary and Future Work	68
	Acknowledgements	69
	References	69
	4 Transit Systems and the Impacts of Shared Mobility	72
	Abstract	72
	1 Introduction	72
	2 Study Methodology	73
	3 Interview Results	75
	4 Recommended Policy Framework	76
	4.1 Better Understand the Twenty-First Century Transportation Marketplace	77
	4.2 Integrate City and Transit Agency Planning, Regulation and Other Actions that Affect Transportation Markets and Systems	78
	4.3 Launch Immediate Policy Initiatives and Pilot Programs to Find Synergies and Uncover Needed Institutional and Policy Reforms	81
	5 Conclusion	83
	5 Shared Mobility in Asian Megacities: The Rise of the Apps	84
	Abstract	84
	1 Introduction	85
	2 Shared Mobility in Manila	85
	2.1 Current Shared Transport Operations	85
	2.2 Governing Shared Transport	86
	3 App-Based Mobility in Manila: The Uber and Grab Experience	87
	3.1 Launch and Early Operations	87
	3.2 The Transport Network Vehicle Service Classification	88
	3.3 Latest Developments (As of Spring 2016)	89
	3.4 Uptake and Response	90
	3.5 Differences Between TNCs	91
	4 Challenges and Opportunities for Shared App-Based Transport in Developing Megacities	91
	4.1 Social and Employment Impact Considerations	92
	4.2 Impact on Congestion	92
	4.3 Data Sharing Needs and Considerations	93
	5 Conclusion/Final Thoughts	94
	References	94
	6 What Drives the Usage of Intelligent Traveler Information Systems?	96
	Abstract	96
	1 Introduction	97
	2 Literature Review	98
	2.1 Intelligent Traveler Information Systems	98
	2.2 User Heterogeneity and Mobility Decisions	99
	2.3 Technology Acceptance in Transportation	99
	3 Model Development	100
	4 Model Evaluation	102
	4.1 Data Acquisition	102
	4.2 Measurement Model	102
	4.3 Cluster Variables	104
	4.4 Structural Model	104
	5 Conclusion and Future Research	105
	5.1 Conclusion	105
	5.2 Limitations and Future Research	107
	References	108
	7 You Are What You Share: Understanding Participation Motives in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing	112
	Abstract	112
	1 The Rise of Access-Based Services	112
	2 Methodological Background—A Brief Introduction into Means-End Chain Theory	114
	3 The People Who Share—the Study’s Participants	116
	4 The Findings—You Share Because You Care?	117
	4.1 Car Owners	118
	4.1.1 Cost Cutters	118
	4.1.2 Enjoyment Enhancers	118
	4.1.3 Experience Enablers	119
	4.2 Renters	120
	4.2.1 Savings Seekers	120
	4.2.2 Convenience Seekers	120
	4.2.3 Expression Seekers	121
	4.2.4 Certitude Seekers	121
	5 Management Takeaways	122
	5.1 How to Better Attract Car Owners	122
	5.2 How to Grow the Renter Base	124
	References	125
	8 Multimodal Transportation Payments Convergence—Key to Mobility	127
	Abstract	127
	1 Introduction to Transportation Payment Convergence	127
	2 Approaches to Payment Convergence	129
	2.1 Common Payment Media	130
	2.2 Common or Linked Accounts and Bundled Mobility Services	131
	2.3 Multimodal Portals and Apps	133
	2.4 Co-marketing, Incentives, and Gamification	134
	3 Benefits of Payments Convergence	135
	4 Opportunities to Develop and Implement Multimodal Payments	136
	5 Conclusion	137
	References	138
	9 System Effects of Widespread Use of Fully Automated Vehicles—Three Scenarios	140
	Abstract	140
	1 Introduction	140
	2 Literature Review	141
	3 Approach	142
	3.1 Modeling Technique and Interviews	143
	3.2 Scenario Development	144
	3.3 Baseline Model	145
	4 Introducing Automated Driving: Three Scenarios	145
	4.1 Scenario 1: Technology Changes, but We Do Not	146
	4.2 Scenario 2: Technology Changes Our Mode Choice	147
	4.3 Scenario 3: New Technologies Offer New Opportunities	149
	5 Discussion	150
	References	152
	10 Smartphone App Evolution and Early Understanding from a Multimodal App User Survey	154
	Abstract	154
	1 Introduction	155
	2 History and Evolution of Smartphone Applications	156
	3 Transportation Smartphone Apps	160
	4 Impacts of Multi-modal Apps on Travel Behavior: 2016 Exploratory Survey of Multi-modal Transportation Information App Users	163
	5 Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption and Mainstreaming of App-Based Services	166
	6 Conclusion	167
	Acknowledgments	168
	References	168
	11 Getting Around with Maps and Apps: How ICT Sways Mode Choice	170
	Abstract	170
	1 Introduction	170
	2 Literature	171
	3 Methodology	173
	3.1 Respondent Requirements and Data Collection	174
	4 Pre-survey Results	174
	5 Discussion Summaries	176
	5.1 Bay Ridge—A Case of Too Few Options	177
	5.2 Greenpoint—A Case of Too Many (Mediocre) Options	179
	5.3 Yonkers—When Driving Is the Default Option	181
	6 Key Themes and Conclusions	183
	References	184
	12 Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar	185
	Abstract	185
	1 Introduction	185
	2 Background	187
	3 Methodology	189
	3.1 Study Limitations	189
	4 Results	190
	4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics	190
	4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Carpooling Usage	192
	4.3 Frequency of Carpooling Use	193
	4.4 Trip Purpose	193
	4.5 Passenger Versus Driver Role	194
	4.6 Motivations	195
	4.7 Alternative Mode in the Absence of Carpooling	196
	4.8 BlaBlaCar Use Frequency and Ordinal Regression Analysis	196
	5 Conclusion	199
	References	200
	13 A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation	201
	Abstract	201
	1 Introduction	202
	2 Literature Review	203
	2.1 Evolving Transportation Services	203
	2.2 Travel Demand Models and Transportation Styles	205
	3 A Framework to Account for Ridesourcing	206
	4 Expected Results	210
	5 Discussion	211
	References	212
	Innovative Transportation Technologies and City Design	214
	14 Disrupting Mobility: Decarbonising Transport?	215
	Abstract	215
	1 Introduction	215
	2 Transport Scenarios: Overview and Analysis	217
	2.1 Scenarios Taken into Account	217
	2.2 Typology of Scenario Studies	219
	3 Analysis and Comparative Evaluation of Selected Global Scenarios	222
	3.1 Distances Travelled	222
	3.2 Target Goal: GHG Emissions	223
	3.3 Target Goal: Primary Energy Use	224
	4 Conclusion and Research Outlook: Disrupting Mobility?	226
	Acknowledgments	232
	Appendix	232
	References	236
	15 Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form	240
	Abstract	240
	1 Introduction	240
	2 Accessibility in Cities and Implications for Carbon Emissions	241
	2.1 Urban Accessibility Pathways	242
	2.2 Carbon Emissions from the Provision of Access in Cities	245
	3 Assessment: Monetisation of Related Costs and Benefits	248
	3.1 Direct Costs and Benefits	249
	3.2 Indirect Costs and Benefits	251
	4 Patterns, Trends and Tipping Points	252
	4.1 Urban Form: Ongoing Urban Sprawl or More Compact Urban Development?	253
	4.2 Mobility Behaviour: Conventional Motorisation or New Urban Mobility?	254
	4.3 Technological Change: Business as Usual or Disruptive Innovation?	258
	5 Enabling Accessibility Through Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport	261
	5.1 Barriers	261
	5.2 Planning and Regulation: Shaping Cities Across Temporal and Geographic Scales	262
	5.3 Instruments for Shaping Incentives and Mobilising Revenue	263
	5.4 Policy for Innovation and Technological Disruption	263
	6 Conclusion	264
	Acknowledgements	265
	References	266
	16 Mobility Patterns in Shared, Autonomous, and Connected Urban Transport	275
	Abstract	275
	1 Introduction	276
	2 Predictions from Experiences	278
	3 Simulation Applications	279
	3.1 Experimenting with Different DRT Systems	279
	3.2 Comparing Buses and on-Demand Systems	280
	3.3 Motivating Behavioral Change	281
	3.4 Using Simulations to Test Optimization Strategies	282
	4 The Role of User Interfaces	285
	5 Conclusions and Outlook	285
	Acknowledgements	287
	References	287
	17 Transit Leap: A Deployment Path for Shared-Use Autonomous Vehicles that Supports Sustainability	291
	Abstract	291
	1 Introduction	291
	1.1 World Vehicle Growth Is High and not Slowing	292
	1.2 Humans Will Continue to Demand Motorized Mobility	293
	2 Could Shared Fleets Dominate Future Automobility?	294
	3 Municipal and Regional Governments Can Respond	296
	4 Evolution Toward Robo-Cars	297
	5 Transit Leap	298
	5.1 Transit Leap and Mobility Digitization	300
	6 Conclusion: Innovation and Integration	301
	7 Recommendation: Avoiding Ugly Disruption	303
	References	304
	18 Biking and the Connected City	306
	Abstract	306
	1 Introduction	306
	2 The Future of Biking: The Connected Bike, the Smart Bike, and the Electric Bike	307
	2.1 The Connected and Smart Bike	308
	2.2 The Electric Bike	310
	2.3 The Bike of the Future: Connected, Smart, and Pedelectric	312
	3 The Role of the Connected and Smart Bike in the Connected City	313
	3.1 The Role of Connected, Smart, and Electric Bikes in Encouraging Increased Bike Use	313
	3.2 The Role of Transportation Agencies in Increasing Bike Use	316
	3.2.1 Dynamic Cycling Infrastructure Management (DCIM)	316
	3.2.2 Bike-to-Infrastructure Communication	317
	3.2.3 GIS-Disks and the “Last-Mile-Home”	317
	3.2.4 Using Connected Cycle Data to Improve the Cycling Experience and Encourage Cyclists	318
	3.3 Transportation Agency as Bike Transportation Manager	319
	4 Future Research	319
	References	320
	19 iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge	321
	Abstract	321
	1 Introduction	322
	2 Related Work	323
	2.1 Related Research	323
	2.2 Literature Review	324
	3 Description of the Transportation Challenge	326
	3.1 UAV Technology as Advanced ITS Platform	327
	3.2 ITS Platform Characteristics	328
	4 Conclusions	330
	References	331
	20 Mobilescapes: A New Frontier for Urban, Vehicle, and Media Design	332
	Abstract	332
	1 Introduction	332
	2 Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Urban Mobility	333
	3 Approaching Mobilescapes	335
	4 Apprehension of Latent Needs in Dynamics Environments	336
	4.1 Realm (Time-Sensitive, Space-Based)	336
	4.2 Dynamics of Urban Life (Space-Affecting, Time-Based)	337
	4.3 Toward a Synthesis of Latent Needs	337
	5 The Functions of Mobilescapes	338
	5.1 Primary Functions	339
	5.2 Secondary Functions	340
	6 A Route Map for the Development of Mobilescapes	341
	6.1 Vehicle Definition	341
	6.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics	341
	6.1.2 Design Articulation of Vehicle Space	343
	6.2 Control Systems	343
	7 Conclusion	344
	References	345

Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities

von: Gereon Meyer, Susan Shaheen

Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities

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