Academic Crowdsourcing in the Humanities - Crowds, Communities and Co-production
von: Mark Hedges, Stuart Dunn
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2017
ISBN: 9780081010457
Sprache: Englisch
192 Seiten, Download: 2391 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES | 2 | ||
Series Page | 3 | ||
ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES: Crowds, Communities and Co-production | 4 | ||
Copyright | 5 | ||
CONTENTS | 6 | ||
ABOUT THE AUTHORS | 10 | ||
PREFACE | 12 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 16 | ||
1 - Introduction: academic crowdsourcing from the periphery to the centre | 18 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 18 | ||
CROWDSOURCING, CITIZEN SCIENCE AND ENGAGEMENT | 21 | ||
CROWD CONNECTIVITY: THE RISE OF SOCIAL MEDIA | 23 | ||
METHODOLOGY | 25 | ||
2 - From citizen science to community co-production | 30 | ||
THE BUSINESS OF CROWDSOURCING | 30 | ||
CROWDSOURCING IN THE ACADEMY | 32 | ||
CROWDSOURCING AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT | 36 | ||
COMMUNITIES OF CROWDSOURCING: SELF-ORGANIZATION AND CO-PRODUCTION | 40 | ||
TERMINOLOGIES AND TYPOLOGIES FOR HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING | 41 | ||
3 - Processes and products: a typology of crowdsourcing | 44 | ||
HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING: A TYPOLOGY | 45 | ||
PROCESS TYPES | 46 | ||
Transcribing | 46 | ||
Beyond transcription: correcting and modifying content | 50 | ||
Crowdsourcing as knowledge organization | 51 | ||
Crowdsourcing as creation and commentary | 53 | ||
Spatial processes: mapping and georeferencing | 54 | ||
Translating | 55 | ||
ASSET TYPES | 55 | ||
Geospatial | 56 | ||
Text | 57 | ||
Image | 57 | ||
Media assets: sound and video | 59 | ||
Ephemera and intangible cultural heritage | 60 | ||
Numerical or statistical information | 60 | ||
TASK TYPES | 61 | ||
OUTPUT TYPES | 63 | ||
CONCLUSION | 66 | ||
4 - Crowdsourcing applied: case studies | 68 | ||
GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION | 68 | ||
Community archaeology | 68 | ||
Georeferencing | 72 | ||
TEXT | 73 | ||
Lexicography | 73 | ||
Text interpretation | 76 | ||
IMAGE | 78 | ||
Classification of images | 79 | ||
Tagging images | 80 | ||
Investigating images | 82 | ||
Researching (old) images | 84 | ||
CONCLUSION | 85 | ||
5 - Roles and communities | 88 | ||
INTRODUCTION AND KEY QUESTIONS | 88 | ||
SOLITARY ROLES VERSUS COLLABORATIVE ROLES | 91 | ||
NETWORKS OF ROLES | 94 | ||
COLLABORATIVE ROLES | 97 | ||
ROLES AND EMPOWERMENT | 99 | ||
ROLES AND CONFLICT | 100 | ||
CONCLUSION | 101 | ||
6 - Motivations and benefits | 104 | ||
MOTIVATIONS, INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC | 104 | ||
FROM COMMERCIAL TO ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING | 106 | ||
THE ROLE OF COMPETITION | 109 | ||
LEARNING AND ‘UPSKILLING’ | 111 | ||
GAMIFICATION | 113 | ||
COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS | 116 | ||
EVOLVING MOTIVATIONS | 118 | ||
MOTIVATIONS OF ACADEMICS AND OTHER PROJECT ORGANIZERS | 118 | ||
CONCLUSION | 120 | ||
7 - Ethical issues in humanities crowdsourcing | 122 | ||
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ETHICS IN HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING? | 122 | ||
ETHICS AND THE CROWDSOURCING INDUSTRY | 123 | ||
LABOUR AND EXPLOITATION IN HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING | 125 | ||
WHOSE DATA IS IT ANYWAY? | 131 | ||
PASTORAL CONCERNS AND PARTICIPANT WELL-BEING | 133 | ||
CROWDSOURCING AS PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH | 135 | ||
COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH | 140 | ||
CONCLUSION | 141 | ||
8 - Crowdsourcing and memory | 144 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 144 | ||
INTERNET MEMORY | 145 | ||
COLLECTIVE MEMORY | 146 | ||
INDIVIDUAL MEMORY | 147 | ||
MEMORY AND STRUCTURE | 149 | ||
GENERIC CROWD MEMORY: SHARED METHODOLOGICAL NARRATIVES | 150 | ||
Transcribing | 151 | ||
Collaborative tagging | 152 | ||
Recording and creating content | 153 | ||
Correcting/modifying content | 154 | ||
Categorizing and cataloguing | 155 | ||
Contextualizing | 156 | ||
Mapping | 157 | ||
Georeferencing | 159 | ||
Translating | 161 | ||
CONCLUSION | 161 | ||
9 - Crowds past, present and future | 164 | ||
THREE PHASES OF CROWDSOURCING | 164 | ||
The first phase: functional crowdsourcing | 165 | ||
The second phase: crowdsourcing 2.0 | 166 | ||
The third phase: co-production | 167 | ||
SOME FUTURES OF CROWDSOURCING | 168 | ||
Combining human and machine intelligence | 168 | ||
Crowdsourcing and self-development | 171 | ||
Public engagement and public involvement | 172 | ||
Data literacy and social inclusion | 173 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 174 | ||
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 176 | ||
INDEX | 186 | ||
A | 186 | ||
B | 186 | ||
C | 186 | ||
D | 187 | ||
E | 187 | ||
G | 188 | ||
H | 188 | ||
I | 188 | ||
K | 189 | ||
M | 189 | ||
N | 189 | ||
O | 190 | ||
P | 190 | ||
S | 190 | ||
T | 190 | ||
U | 191 | ||
W | 191 |