Academic Crowdsourcing in the Humanities - Crowds, Communities and Co-production
von: Mark Hedges, Stuart Dunn
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2017
ISBN: 9780081010457
Sprache: Englisch
192 Seiten, Download: 2391 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
| ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES | 2 | ||
| Series Page | 3 | ||
| ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING IN THE HUMANITIES: Crowds, Communities and Co-production | 4 | ||
| Copyright | 5 | ||
| CONTENTS | 6 | ||
| ABOUT THE AUTHORS | 10 | ||
| PREFACE | 12 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 16 | ||
| 1 - Introduction: academic crowdsourcing from the periphery to the centre | 18 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 18 | ||
| CROWDSOURCING, CITIZEN SCIENCE AND ENGAGEMENT | 21 | ||
| CROWD CONNECTIVITY: THE RISE OF SOCIAL MEDIA | 23 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 25 | ||
| 2 - From citizen science to community co-production | 30 | ||
| THE BUSINESS OF CROWDSOURCING | 30 | ||
| CROWDSOURCING IN THE ACADEMY | 32 | ||
| CROWDSOURCING AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT | 36 | ||
| COMMUNITIES OF CROWDSOURCING: SELF-ORGANIZATION AND CO-PRODUCTION | 40 | ||
| TERMINOLOGIES AND TYPOLOGIES FOR HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING | 41 | ||
| 3 - Processes and products: a typology of crowdsourcing | 44 | ||
| HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING: A TYPOLOGY | 45 | ||
| PROCESS TYPES | 46 | ||
| Transcribing | 46 | ||
| Beyond transcription: correcting and modifying content | 50 | ||
| Crowdsourcing as knowledge organization | 51 | ||
| Crowdsourcing as creation and commentary | 53 | ||
| Spatial processes: mapping and georeferencing | 54 | ||
| Translating | 55 | ||
| ASSET TYPES | 55 | ||
| Geospatial | 56 | ||
| Text | 57 | ||
| Image | 57 | ||
| Media assets: sound and video | 59 | ||
| Ephemera and intangible cultural heritage | 60 | ||
| Numerical or statistical information | 60 | ||
| TASK TYPES | 61 | ||
| OUTPUT TYPES | 63 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 66 | ||
| 4 - Crowdsourcing applied: case studies | 68 | ||
| GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION | 68 | ||
| Community archaeology | 68 | ||
| Georeferencing | 72 | ||
| TEXT | 73 | ||
| Lexicography | 73 | ||
| Text interpretation | 76 | ||
| IMAGE | 78 | ||
| Classification of images | 79 | ||
| Tagging images | 80 | ||
| Investigating images | 82 | ||
| Researching (old) images | 84 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 85 | ||
| 5 - Roles and communities | 88 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND KEY QUESTIONS | 88 | ||
| SOLITARY ROLES VERSUS COLLABORATIVE ROLES | 91 | ||
| NETWORKS OF ROLES | 94 | ||
| COLLABORATIVE ROLES | 97 | ||
| ROLES AND EMPOWERMENT | 99 | ||
| ROLES AND CONFLICT | 100 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 101 | ||
| 6 - Motivations and benefits | 104 | ||
| MOTIVATIONS, INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC | 104 | ||
| FROM COMMERCIAL TO ACADEMIC CROWDSOURCING | 106 | ||
| THE ROLE OF COMPETITION | 109 | ||
| LEARNING AND ‘UPSKILLING’ | 111 | ||
| GAMIFICATION | 113 | ||
| COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS | 116 | ||
| EVOLVING MOTIVATIONS | 118 | ||
| MOTIVATIONS OF ACADEMICS AND OTHER PROJECT ORGANIZERS | 118 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 120 | ||
| 7 - Ethical issues in humanities crowdsourcing | 122 | ||
| WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ETHICS IN HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING? | 122 | ||
| ETHICS AND THE CROWDSOURCING INDUSTRY | 123 | ||
| LABOUR AND EXPLOITATION IN HUMANITIES CROWDSOURCING | 125 | ||
| WHOSE DATA IS IT ANYWAY? | 131 | ||
| PASTORAL CONCERNS AND PARTICIPANT WELL-BEING | 133 | ||
| CROWDSOURCING AS PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH | 135 | ||
| COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH | 140 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 141 | ||
| 8 - Crowdsourcing and memory | 144 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 144 | ||
| INTERNET MEMORY | 145 | ||
| COLLECTIVE MEMORY | 146 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL MEMORY | 147 | ||
| MEMORY AND STRUCTURE | 149 | ||
| GENERIC CROWD MEMORY: SHARED METHODOLOGICAL NARRATIVES | 150 | ||
| Transcribing | 151 | ||
| Collaborative tagging | 152 | ||
| Recording and creating content | 153 | ||
| Correcting/modifying content | 154 | ||
| Categorizing and cataloguing | 155 | ||
| Contextualizing | 156 | ||
| Mapping | 157 | ||
| Georeferencing | 159 | ||
| Translating | 161 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 161 | ||
| 9 - Crowds past, present and future | 164 | ||
| THREE PHASES OF CROWDSOURCING | 164 | ||
| The first phase: functional crowdsourcing | 165 | ||
| The second phase: crowdsourcing 2.0 | 166 | ||
| The third phase: co-production | 167 | ||
| SOME FUTURES OF CROWDSOURCING | 168 | ||
| Combining human and machine intelligence | 168 | ||
| Crowdsourcing and self-development | 171 | ||
| Public engagement and public involvement | 172 | ||
| Data literacy and social inclusion | 173 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 174 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 176 | ||
| INDEX | 186 | ||
| A | 186 | ||
| B | 186 | ||
| C | 186 | ||
| D | 187 | ||
| E | 187 | ||
| G | 188 | ||
| H | 188 | ||
| I | 188 | ||
| K | 189 | ||
| M | 189 | ||
| N | 189 | ||
| O | 190 | ||
| P | 190 | ||
| S | 190 | ||
| T | 190 | ||
| U | 191 | ||
| W | 191 |