Tigers of the World - The Science, Politics and Conservation of Panthera tigris
von: Ronald Tilson, Philip Nyhus (Eds.)
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2010
ISBN: 9780080947518
Sprache: Englisch
547 Seiten, Download: 12667 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics, and Conservation of Panthera tigris | 4 | ||
| Copyright Page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Foreword | 8 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 18 | ||
| List of Contributors | 20 | ||
| Chapter 1. Fifty Years in the Tiger World: An Introduction | 24 | ||
| THE PLIGHT OF THE TIGER | 26 | ||
| SCIENTISTS MOVE IN | 28 | ||
| ATTACKS BY TIGERS ON HUMANS | 29 | ||
| FREELANCING | 31 | ||
| CHAIRMAN OF THE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP | 32 | ||
| A TIME OF COMPLACENCY | 32 | ||
| THE FIRST TIGERS OF THE WORLD MEETING | 32 | ||
| BONE, SKIN, TOOTH, AND CLAW | 33 | ||
| THE END OF COMPLACENCY | 33 | ||
| CITES | 34 | ||
| COUNTING TIGERS | 34 | ||
| THE TIGER'S FUTURE | 36 | ||
| REFERENCES | 37 | ||
| PART I: WHAT IS A TIGER? | 40 | ||
| Chapter 2. What Is a Tiger? Ecology and Behavior | 42 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 42 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY | 43 | ||
| THE ADAPTABLE TIGER | 44 | ||
| PREDATOR BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY | 45 | ||
| POPULATION ECOLOGY | 49 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS | 53 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 54 | ||
| REFERENCES | 54 | ||
| Chapter 3. What Is a Tiger? Genetics and Phylogeography | 58 | ||
| GENETIC ANCESTRY OF MODERN FELIDS AND TIGERS | 59 | ||
| REDEFINITION OF SUBSPECIES IN THE TIGER | 60 | ||
| DILEMMA OF TIGERS—DECLINING IN THE WILD, BOOMING IN THE CAGES? | 64 | ||
| WHAT IS A TIGER?—A CLOSER LOOK AT SUBSPECIES | 68 | ||
| SUMMARY | 71 | ||
| REFERENCES | 72 | ||
| Chapter 4. What Is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy | 76 | ||
| TIGER MORPHOLOGY | 77 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 101 | ||
| WHAT IS A TIGER, 2009? | 102 | ||
| REFERENCES | 102 | ||
| PART II: TIGER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS | 108 | ||
| Chapter 5. Will the Tiger Survive in India? | 110 | ||
| EARLY DAYS | 111 | ||
| WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA | 113 | ||
| IN THE FIELD | 114 | ||
| THE DECLINE OF THE TIGER | 116 | ||
| THE TIBET CONNECTION | 118 | ||
| THE CHINA CONNECTION | 119 | ||
| TIGERS TODAY | 121 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| Chapter 6. Poaching and Poisoning of Tigers in Sumatra for the Domestic Market | 124 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
| THIS STUDY: UNDERCOVER INFORMANTS | 126 | ||
| POACHING RATES AND LOCATIONS | 129 | ||
| PROSECUTION OF POACHERS | 131 | ||
| CHRONOLOGY OF POACHING STUDIES IN SUMATRA: 1990–2007 | 131 | ||
| TIGER BONFIRE | 132 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 133 | ||
| REFERENCES | 135 | ||
| Chapter 7. Partnering to Stop Poaching: Developing Cross-Sector Strategic Responses to Wildlife Poaching | 136 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: A DIFFERENT KIND OF CONSERVATION LANDSCAPE | 137 | ||
| STRATEGIC RESPONSE: NAVIGATING IN NEW WAYS | 139 | ||
| PROTECTION: INTERDICTING AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME | 140 | ||
| AWARENESS: ADVERTISING AGAINST EXPLOITATION AND APATHY | 143 | ||
| NETWORKING: CREATING CAPACITY AND POLITICAL WILL | 145 | ||
| PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: PROTECTION, AWARENESS, NETWORKING | 146 | ||
| REFERENCES | 147 | ||
| Chapter 8. Panthera tigris vs Homo sapiens: Conflict, Coexistence, or Extinction | 148 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| ELIMINATING PROBLEM TIGERS AND TIGERS AS A PROBLEM | 150 | ||
| RESPONSES TO CONFLICT | 158 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 162 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| Chapter 9. Setting Priorities for Tiger Conservation: 2005–2015 | 166 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| METHODS | 168 | ||
| RESULTS | 175 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 181 | ||
| DIRECTING CONSERVATION ACTION | 182 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 183 | ||
| REFERENCES | 183 | ||
| Chapter 10. The Terai Arc Landscape: A Tiger Conservation Success Story in a Human-dominated Landscape | 186 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
| THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE: CONSERVATION STATUS AND CHALLENGES | 187 | ||
| CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE | 188 | ||
| CONSERVATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE | 190 | ||
| CORRIDOR RESTORATION | 192 | ||
| CORRIDOR USE BY MEGASPECIES | 193 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 196 | ||
| Chapter 11. Collaboration and Partnerships Are Essential to Sustain Wild Tiger Populations | 198 | ||
| SAVING WILD TIGERS IS A 'WICKED' PROBLEM: COPING STRATEGIES | 200 | ||
| TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE IN INDIA AND NEPAL | 202 | ||
| MALAYSIAN CONSERVATION ALLIANCE FOR TIGERS IN MALAYSIA | 204 | ||
| LOOKING FORWARD | 206 | ||
| REFERENCES | 206 | ||
| Chapter 12. The Cat Specialist Group and Tigers | 208 | ||
| THE CATSG 1971–2000 | 208 | ||
| TIGERS AND THE FUTURE OF THE CATSG | 209 | ||
| REFERENCE | 210 | ||
| Chapter 13. Save The Tiger Fund's Grant-making Strategy for Recovering Wild Tiger Populations | 212 | ||
| THE DONOR'S CHALLENGE | 212 | ||
| SOME BACKGROUND | 214 | ||
| CONCEPTUALIZING TIGER CONSERVATION ACTIONS | 215 | ||
| MANAGING OUTCOME RISKS AND MONITORING TIGER CONSERVATION ACTIONS | 217 | ||
| EVALUATING AND MANAGING RISKS | 218 | ||
| FINAL THOUGHTS | 221 | ||
| REFERENCES | 221 | ||
| Chapter 14. Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund | 224 | ||
| Chapter 15. Why Keep Tigers in Zoos? | 228 | ||
| CONSERVATION SUPPORT | 228 | ||
| CONSERVATION SUPPORT FROM ZOO TIGERS | 231 | ||
| REFERENCES | 237 | ||
| Chapter 16. History and Function of US Sanctuaries | 238 | ||
| CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 242 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF SANCTUARIES AND THE CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 243 | ||
| ROLE OF SANCTUARIES IN ORDER TO AFFECT THE CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 244 | ||
| REFERENCES | 244 | ||
| Chapter 17. Thirteen Thousand and Counting: How Growing Captive Tiger Populations Threaten Wild Tigers | 246 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
| A TAXONOMY OF CAPTIVE TIGER OWNERS | 248 | ||
| HISTORY AND GROWTH OF CAPTIVE TIGER POPULATIONS | 250 | ||
| TIGERS IN THE UNITED STATES | 252 | ||
| OBVIOUS AND ACUTE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPTIVE TIGERS | 253 | ||
| NON-OBVIOUS AND CHRONIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPTIVE TIGERS | 255 | ||
| BEYOND COMPLAINING: WHAT TO DO? | 259 | ||
| REFERENCES | 261 | ||
| PART III: TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING TIGERS | 262 | ||
| Chapter 18. Non-invasive Survey Methods for Assessing Tiger Populations | 264 | ||
| THE ART AND SCIENCE OF COUNTING TIGERS | 265 | ||
| CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN ASSESSING TIGER POPULATIONS | 266 | ||
| SURVEYS FOR ASSESSING TIGER POPULATION DYNAMICS | 270 | ||
| SURVEYS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTON OF TIGERS | 278 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF TIGER SURVEYS | 282 | ||
| REFERENCES | 282 | ||
| Chapter 19. Tiger Telemetry | 286 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 286 | ||
| WHY TELEMETRY? | 288 | ||
| CAPTURE | 290 | ||
| SAMPLE SIZES AND STUDY DURATION | 291 | ||
| DATA COLLECTED IN TELEMETRY STUDIES | 292 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 297 | ||
| REFERENCES | 297 | ||
| Chapter 20. Scent-matching Dogs: A New Tool for Identifying Wild Tigers | 300 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 300 | ||
| THE SCIENCE OF SCENT-MATCHING | 302 | ||
| USING SCENT-MATCHING TO ESTIMATE TIGER ABUNDANCE | 302 | ||
| SUMMARY | 303 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 303 | ||
| REFERENCES | 304 | ||
| Chapter 21. The Science and Art of Managing Tigers in Captivity | 306 | ||
| THREATS FACING SMALL POPULATIONS | 307 | ||
| THE VALUE OF INFORMATION | 307 | ||
| COORDINATING MANAGEMENT EFFORTS | 308 | ||
| REGULATING POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH | 309 | ||
| GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 310 | ||
| MEETING THE CHALLENGES | 312 | ||
| LOOKING AHEAD | 312 | ||
| REFERENCES | 314 | ||
| PART IV: REGIONAL REVIEWS: STATUS OF TIGERS | 316 | ||
| Chapter 22. How Many Wild Tigers Are There? An Estimate for 2008 | 318 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 318 | ||
| METHODS | 319 | ||
| COUNTRY AND REGIONAL ESTIMATES | 320 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 320 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 320 | ||
| REFERENCES | 321 | ||
| SOUTH ASIA | 324 | ||
| Chapter 23. This Heaven and This Earth: Will India Keep Its Promise to Panthera tigris? | 324 | ||
| A CHECKERED PAST | 325 | ||
| THE TIGER'S DESCENT | 326 | ||
| TIGERLAND COMES UNDER ATTACK | 327 | ||
| FOREST RIGHTS AND WRONGS | 329 | ||
| QUO VADIS PANTHERA TIGRIS ? | 331 | ||
| CLIMATE COUP DE GRÂCE | 332 | ||
| PROJECT TIGER METAMORPHOSED | 333 | ||
| IF TOMORROW COMES | 334 | ||
| WHAT'S GOOD FOR THE TIGER … SPACE | 336 | ||
| POSTSCRIPT | 337 | ||
| REFERENCES | 337 | ||
| Chapter 24. Status and Conservation of Tigers in the Indian Subcontinent | 338 | ||
| THE TIGER IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT | 339 | ||
| PRESENT TIGER RANGE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES IN THE SUBCONTINENT | 339 | ||
| EXISTING BASELINE INFORMATION FOR TIGER CONSERVATION | 340 | ||
| LANDSCAPES FOR TIGER CONSERVATION IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT | 341 | ||
| DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 348 | ||
| GLIMPSES OF HOPE | 350 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 351 | ||
| REFERENCES | 351 | ||
| Chapter 25. Securing the Future for Nepal's Tigers: Lessons from the Past and Present | 354 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 355 | ||
| HISTORIC OVERVIEW OF TIGERS IN NEPAL: EARLY 1900 TO 1970 | 356 | ||
| TIGER RESEARCH: 1972 TO 1998 | 357 | ||
| TIGER POPULATION VIABILITY: RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS | 359 | ||
| NEPAL'S FIRST TIGER ACTION PLAN: 1999 | 360 | ||
| LANDSCAPE SCALE MONITORING: TIGERS AND THEIR PREY | 361 | ||
| TIGERS AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY: INTERACTION BETWEEN SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS | 362 | ||
| RESPONDING TO PROBLEM TIGERS | 363 | ||
| LESSONS FROM NEPAL FOR FUTURE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT | 365 | ||
| REFERENCES | 366 | ||
| Chapter 26. Tigers of the Sundarbans | 368 | ||
| REFERENCE | 370 | ||
| SOUTHEAST ASIA | 372 | ||
| Chapter 27. Tigers and People in the Malay World: Four Centuries of Confrontation and Coexistence in Comparative Asian Perspective | 372 | ||
| PEOPLE KILLED BY TIGERS | 373 | ||
| TIGERS KILLED BY PEOPLE | 374 | ||
| STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF HUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTS | 374 | ||
| INCIDENTAL CAUSES | 375 | ||
| MAN-EATING TIGERS | 376 | ||
| PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE | 378 | ||
| REFERENCES | 379 | ||
| Chapter 28. Costs and Benefits of Sustaining Wild Tigers in Cambodia: A Strategic Economic Perspective | 380 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 380 | ||
| THE CHANGING STATUS OF TIGERS IN CAMBODIA: 1993 TO 2006 | 381 | ||
| GENERAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CONSERVATION AT THE SCALE OF ENTIRE TIGER LANDSCAPES | 383 | ||
| TIGER CONSERVATION NEEDS | 387 | ||
| REFERENCES | 388 | ||
| Chapter 29. The Malayan Tiger | 390 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 390 | ||
| FOREST COVER, TIGER DISTRIBUTION, AND POTENTIAL POPULATION SIZE | 391 | ||
| MAJOR THREATS AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS | 393 | ||
| REFERENCES | 398 | ||
| Chapter 30. The Biology and Politics of Sumatran Tigers: Crash of the Conservation Garuda | 400 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 400 | ||
| INDONESIA'S MODERN TIGER HISTORY | 402 | ||
| THE BIOLOGY OF SUMATRAN TIGERS IN LOWLAND FORESTS | 404 | ||
| FIRE AND TIGERS | 407 | ||
| HUMAN DIMENSION OF TIGER CONSERVATION | 408 | ||
| LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF TIGERS | 409 | ||
| LOCAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS TIGERS, PARKS, AND CONSERVATION | 410 | ||
| IMPROVING INDONESIAN ZOOS | 412 | ||
| THE DARK LEGACY OF KKN | 413 | ||
| THE TIGER'S RIGHT TO LIFE | 416 | ||
| REFERENCES | 417 | ||
| Chapter 31. The Claws of a Dilemma: Can Big Business Contribute to Tiger Conservation in Indonesia? | 418 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 418 | ||
| THE ZSL-PT ASIATIC PERSADA JAMBI TIGER PROJECT | 419 | ||
| REASSESSING THE ROLE OF BIG BUSINESS IN TIGER CONSERVATION | 420 | ||
| IS IT WORTH CONSERVING TIGERS OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS? | 420 | ||
| IS BIG BUSINESS AN IMPORTANT PLAYER OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS? | 421 | ||
| IS ENGAGEMENT THE BEST STRATEGY FOR DEALING WITH BIG BUSINESS? | 422 | ||
| TIGER CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES—THE WAY FORWARD | 423 | ||
| REFERENCES | 424 | ||
| RUSSIA | 426 | ||
| Chapter 32. Science-based Conservation of Amur Tigers in the Russian Far East and Northeast China | 426 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 427 | ||
| WHAT ROLE DOES SCIENCE PLAY IN CONSERVATION OF TIGERS? | 428 | ||
| SURVEYING AND MONITORING THE AMUR TIGER POPULATION | 429 | ||
| HABITAT LOSS AND LAND-USE PLANNING FOR TIGERS | 434 | ||
| IMPACT OF POACHING ON TIGER POPULATIONS | 441 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 443 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 444 | ||
| REFERENCES | 445 | ||
| Chapter 33. Tiger Education in the Primorsky Region of Russia | 448 | ||
| ECOLOGICAL FESTIVALS IN PRIMORYE | 449 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND ECOLOGICAL CENTERS | 450 | ||
| CHINA | 454 | ||
| Chapter 34. King of the Hundred Beasts: A Long View of Tigers in Southern China | 454 | ||
| REFERENCES | 461 | ||
| Chapter 35. Yin and Yang of Tiger Conservation in China | 462 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 462 | ||
| MODERN HISTORY OF CAPTIVE TIGERS IN CHINA | 463 | ||
| RECENT HISTORY OF WILD TIGERS IN CHINA | 465 | ||
| RESTORING WILD SOUTH CHINA TIGERS | 469 | ||
| PARTING THOUGHTS: THE FUTURE OF TIGER CONSERVATION IN CHINA | 471 | ||
| REFERENCES | 473 | ||
| Chapter 36. Tiger Restoration and Biodiversity Refugia in Asia: 'Picking Up' the Pieces | 476 | ||
| SOUTHERN CHINA: CIRCA 2001 | 476 | ||
| EMERGING TIGER CONSERVATION FRAMEWORKS IN ASIA | 477 | ||
| CONSERVATION OPPORTUNISM, BIODIVERSITY REFUGIA, AND THE TIGER'S CURRENCY | 478 | ||
| RETURNING SOUTH CHINA TIGERS TO THE WILD | 478 | ||
| REFERENCES | 479 | ||
| Chapter 37. The Struggle to Save the Last South China Tigers | 480 | ||
| EARLY CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT | 481 | ||
| POPULATION STATUS AND GOALS | 482 | ||
| POTENTIAL LIMITING FACTORS | 483 | ||
| FUTURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA TIGER | 483 | ||
| REFERENCES | 484 | ||
| Chapter 38. Tiger Farms and Pharmacies: The Central Importance of China's Trade Policy for Tiger Conservation | 486 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 486 | ||
| CHINA'S CONSUMPTION OF TIGER BONE MEDICINE SPARKS A CRISIS IN THE EARLY 1990S | 487 | ||
| THE DECLINE OF CHINA'S TIGER BONE TRADE | 489 | ||
| THE RISE OF CHINA'S TIGER FARMS | 491 | ||
| FAKING IT: AN ALTERNATIVE LEGAL SUPPLY HAS NOT BENEFITED WILD TIGERS | 493 | ||
| TIGERS SHOULD NOT BE BRED FOR TRADE IN THEIR PARTS AND DERIVATIVES | 495 | ||
| REFERENCES | 497 | ||
| Chapter 39. Tigers, Economics, and the Regulation of Trade | 500 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 500 | ||
| TIGER CONSERVATION AS AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM | 501 | ||
| APPLYING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TO TIGER CONSERVATION | 502 | ||
| THREATS TO WILD TIGERS | 503 | ||
| ARGUMENTS CONCERNING TRADE | 504 | ||
| POACHING AND THE INFLUENCE OF TRADE | 505 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF TRADE BANS | 506 | ||
| THE EFFECT OF TRADE BANS ON WILDLIFE POACHING | 507 | ||
| EVIDENCE IN THE TIGER TRADE | 508 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY | 510 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 511 | ||
| REFERENCES | 512 | ||
| PART V: FUTURE OF TIGERS | 514 | ||
| Chapter 40. Roads to Recovery or Catastrophic Loss: How Will the Next Decade End for Wild Tigers? | 516 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 517 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF A LANDSCAPE-BASED APPROACH TO TIGER CONSERVATION | 517 | ||
| REVISITING THE BASE MAP: TIGER CONSERVATION LANDSCAPES | 518 | ||
| EMERGING AND INTENSIFYING THREATS TO WILD TIGERS | 520 | ||
| THREE SCENARIOS: ALTERNATIVE FUTURES FOR WILD TIGERS | 520 | ||
| REFERENCES | 528 | ||
| Chapter 41. The Next 20 Years of Tiger Science, Politics, and Conservation | 530 | ||
| THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF TIGER CONSERVATION | 531 | ||
| POLICIES, PRIORITIES, AND PARTNERSHIPS FOR TIGER CONSERVATION | 532 | ||
| REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND HIGHLIGHTS | 534 | ||
| THE NEXT 20 YEARS | 536 | ||
| A CLOSING THOUGHT ON THE CHALLENGES FROM THE TIGER'S PERSPECTIVE | 540 | ||
| REFERENCES | 540 | ||
| Index | 542 | ||
| A | 542 | ||
| B | 542 | ||
| C | 543 | ||
| D | 543 | ||
| E | 543 | ||
| F | 543 | ||
| G | 544 | ||
| H | 544 | ||
| I | 544 | ||
| J | 544 | ||
| K | 544 | ||
| L | 544 | ||
| M | 544 | ||
| N | 544 | ||
| O | 545 | ||
| P | 545 | ||
| R | 545 | ||
| S | 545 | ||
| T | 546 | ||
| U | 547 | ||
| V | 547 | ||
| W | 547 | ||
| Y | 547 | ||
| Z | 547 |