Tigers of the World - The Science, Politics and Conservation of Panthera tigris
von: Ronald Tilson, Philip Nyhus (Eds.)
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2010
ISBN: 9780080947518
Sprache: Englisch
547 Seiten, Download: 12667 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
Front Cover | 1 | ||
Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics, and Conservation of Panthera tigris | 4 | ||
Copyright Page | 5 | ||
Contents | 6 | ||
Foreword | 8 | ||
Preface | 12 | ||
Acknowledgments | 18 | ||
List of Contributors | 20 | ||
Chapter 1. Fifty Years in the Tiger World: An Introduction | 24 | ||
THE PLIGHT OF THE TIGER | 26 | ||
SCIENTISTS MOVE IN | 28 | ||
ATTACKS BY TIGERS ON HUMANS | 29 | ||
FREELANCING | 31 | ||
CHAIRMAN OF THE CAT SPECIALIST GROUP | 32 | ||
A TIME OF COMPLACENCY | 32 | ||
THE FIRST TIGERS OF THE WORLD MEETING | 32 | ||
BONE, SKIN, TOOTH, AND CLAW | 33 | ||
THE END OF COMPLACENCY | 33 | ||
CITES | 34 | ||
COUNTING TIGERS | 34 | ||
THE TIGER'S FUTURE | 36 | ||
REFERENCES | 37 | ||
PART I: WHAT IS A TIGER? | 40 | ||
Chapter 2. What Is a Tiger? Ecology and Behavior | 42 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 42 | ||
MORPHOLOGY | 43 | ||
THE ADAPTABLE TIGER | 44 | ||
PREDATOR BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY | 45 | ||
POPULATION ECOLOGY | 49 | ||
CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS | 53 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 54 | ||
REFERENCES | 54 | ||
Chapter 3. What Is a Tiger? Genetics and Phylogeography | 58 | ||
GENETIC ANCESTRY OF MODERN FELIDS AND TIGERS | 59 | ||
REDEFINITION OF SUBSPECIES IN THE TIGER | 60 | ||
DILEMMA OF TIGERS—DECLINING IN THE WILD, BOOMING IN THE CAGES? | 64 | ||
WHAT IS A TIGER?—A CLOSER LOOK AT SUBSPECIES | 68 | ||
SUMMARY | 71 | ||
REFERENCES | 72 | ||
Chapter 4. What Is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy | 76 | ||
TIGER MORPHOLOGY | 77 | ||
DISCUSSION | 101 | ||
WHAT IS A TIGER, 2009? | 102 | ||
REFERENCES | 102 | ||
PART II: TIGER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS | 108 | ||
Chapter 5. Will the Tiger Survive in India? | 110 | ||
EARLY DAYS | 111 | ||
WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA | 113 | ||
IN THE FIELD | 114 | ||
THE DECLINE OF THE TIGER | 116 | ||
THE TIBET CONNECTION | 118 | ||
THE CHINA CONNECTION | 119 | ||
TIGERS TODAY | 121 | ||
REFERENCES | 122 | ||
Chapter 6. Poaching and Poisoning of Tigers in Sumatra for the Domestic Market | 124 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
THIS STUDY: UNDERCOVER INFORMANTS | 126 | ||
POACHING RATES AND LOCATIONS | 129 | ||
PROSECUTION OF POACHERS | 131 | ||
CHRONOLOGY OF POACHING STUDIES IN SUMATRA: 1990–2007 | 131 | ||
TIGER BONFIRE | 132 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 133 | ||
REFERENCES | 135 | ||
Chapter 7. Partnering to Stop Poaching: Developing Cross-Sector Strategic Responses to Wildlife Poaching | 136 | ||
INTRODUCTION: A DIFFERENT KIND OF CONSERVATION LANDSCAPE | 137 | ||
STRATEGIC RESPONSE: NAVIGATING IN NEW WAYS | 139 | ||
PROTECTION: INTERDICTING AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME | 140 | ||
AWARENESS: ADVERTISING AGAINST EXPLOITATION AND APATHY | 143 | ||
NETWORKING: CREATING CAPACITY AND POLITICAL WILL | 145 | ||
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: PROTECTION, AWARENESS, NETWORKING | 146 | ||
REFERENCES | 147 | ||
Chapter 8. Panthera tigris vs Homo sapiens: Conflict, Coexistence, or Extinction | 148 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
ELIMINATING PROBLEM TIGERS AND TIGERS AS A PROBLEM | 150 | ||
RESPONSES TO CONFLICT | 158 | ||
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 162 | ||
REFERENCES | 163 | ||
Chapter 9. Setting Priorities for Tiger Conservation: 2005–2015 | 166 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
METHODS | 168 | ||
RESULTS | 175 | ||
DISCUSSION | 181 | ||
DIRECTING CONSERVATION ACTION | 182 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 183 | ||
REFERENCES | 183 | ||
Chapter 10. The Terai Arc Landscape: A Tiger Conservation Success Story in a Human-dominated Landscape | 186 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE: CONSERVATION STATUS AND CHALLENGES | 187 | ||
CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE | 188 | ||
CONSERVATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE | 190 | ||
CORRIDOR RESTORATION | 192 | ||
CORRIDOR USE BY MEGASPECIES | 193 | ||
DISCUSSION | 194 | ||
REFERENCES | 196 | ||
Chapter 11. Collaboration and Partnerships Are Essential to Sustain Wild Tiger Populations | 198 | ||
SAVING WILD TIGERS IS A 'WICKED' PROBLEM: COPING STRATEGIES | 200 | ||
TERAI ARC LANDSCAPE IN INDIA AND NEPAL | 202 | ||
MALAYSIAN CONSERVATION ALLIANCE FOR TIGERS IN MALAYSIA | 204 | ||
LOOKING FORWARD | 206 | ||
REFERENCES | 206 | ||
Chapter 12. The Cat Specialist Group and Tigers | 208 | ||
THE CATSG 1971–2000 | 208 | ||
TIGERS AND THE FUTURE OF THE CATSG | 209 | ||
REFERENCE | 210 | ||
Chapter 13. Save The Tiger Fund's Grant-making Strategy for Recovering Wild Tiger Populations | 212 | ||
THE DONOR'S CHALLENGE | 212 | ||
SOME BACKGROUND | 214 | ||
CONCEPTUALIZING TIGER CONSERVATION ACTIONS | 215 | ||
MANAGING OUTCOME RISKS AND MONITORING TIGER CONSERVATION ACTIONS | 217 | ||
EVALUATING AND MANAGING RISKS | 218 | ||
FINAL THOUGHTS | 221 | ||
REFERENCES | 221 | ||
Chapter 14. Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund | 224 | ||
Chapter 15. Why Keep Tigers in Zoos? | 228 | ||
CONSERVATION SUPPORT | 228 | ||
CONSERVATION SUPPORT FROM ZOO TIGERS | 231 | ||
REFERENCES | 237 | ||
Chapter 16. History and Function of US Sanctuaries | 238 | ||
CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 242 | ||
THE FUTURE OF SANCTUARIES AND THE CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 243 | ||
ROLE OF SANCTUARIES IN ORDER TO AFFECT THE CAPTIVE WILDLIFE CRISIS | 244 | ||
REFERENCES | 244 | ||
Chapter 17. Thirteen Thousand and Counting: How Growing Captive Tiger Populations Threaten Wild Tigers | 246 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
A TAXONOMY OF CAPTIVE TIGER OWNERS | 248 | ||
HISTORY AND GROWTH OF CAPTIVE TIGER POPULATIONS | 250 | ||
TIGERS IN THE UNITED STATES | 252 | ||
OBVIOUS AND ACUTE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPTIVE TIGERS | 253 | ||
NON-OBVIOUS AND CHRONIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPTIVE TIGERS | 255 | ||
BEYOND COMPLAINING: WHAT TO DO? | 259 | ||
REFERENCES | 261 | ||
PART III: TOOLS FOR UNDERSTANDING TIGERS | 262 | ||
Chapter 18. Non-invasive Survey Methods for Assessing Tiger Populations | 264 | ||
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF COUNTING TIGERS | 265 | ||
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN ASSESSING TIGER POPULATIONS | 266 | ||
SURVEYS FOR ASSESSING TIGER POPULATION DYNAMICS | 270 | ||
SURVEYS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTON OF TIGERS | 278 | ||
THE FUTURE OF TIGER SURVEYS | 282 | ||
REFERENCES | 282 | ||
Chapter 19. Tiger Telemetry | 286 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 286 | ||
WHY TELEMETRY? | 288 | ||
CAPTURE | 290 | ||
SAMPLE SIZES AND STUDY DURATION | 291 | ||
DATA COLLECTED IN TELEMETRY STUDIES | 292 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 297 | ||
REFERENCES | 297 | ||
Chapter 20. Scent-matching Dogs: A New Tool for Identifying Wild Tigers | 300 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 300 | ||
THE SCIENCE OF SCENT-MATCHING | 302 | ||
USING SCENT-MATCHING TO ESTIMATE TIGER ABUNDANCE | 302 | ||
SUMMARY | 303 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 303 | ||
REFERENCES | 304 | ||
Chapter 21. The Science and Art of Managing Tigers in Captivity | 306 | ||
THREATS FACING SMALL POPULATIONS | 307 | ||
THE VALUE OF INFORMATION | 307 | ||
COORDINATING MANAGEMENT EFFORTS | 308 | ||
REGULATING POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH | 309 | ||
GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 310 | ||
MEETING THE CHALLENGES | 312 | ||
LOOKING AHEAD | 312 | ||
REFERENCES | 314 | ||
PART IV: REGIONAL REVIEWS: STATUS OF TIGERS | 316 | ||
Chapter 22. How Many Wild Tigers Are There? An Estimate for 2008 | 318 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 318 | ||
METHODS | 319 | ||
COUNTRY AND REGIONAL ESTIMATES | 320 | ||
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 320 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 320 | ||
REFERENCES | 321 | ||
SOUTH ASIA | 324 | ||
Chapter 23. This Heaven and This Earth: Will India Keep Its Promise to Panthera tigris? | 324 | ||
A CHECKERED PAST | 325 | ||
THE TIGER'S DESCENT | 326 | ||
TIGERLAND COMES UNDER ATTACK | 327 | ||
FOREST RIGHTS AND WRONGS | 329 | ||
QUO VADIS PANTHERA TIGRIS ? | 331 | ||
CLIMATE COUP DE GRÂCE | 332 | ||
PROJECT TIGER METAMORPHOSED | 333 | ||
IF TOMORROW COMES | 334 | ||
WHAT'S GOOD FOR THE TIGER … SPACE | 336 | ||
POSTSCRIPT | 337 | ||
REFERENCES | 337 | ||
Chapter 24. Status and Conservation of Tigers in the Indian Subcontinent | 338 | ||
THE TIGER IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT | 339 | ||
PRESENT TIGER RANGE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES IN THE SUBCONTINENT | 339 | ||
EXISTING BASELINE INFORMATION FOR TIGER CONSERVATION | 340 | ||
LANDSCAPES FOR TIGER CONSERVATION IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT | 341 | ||
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS | 348 | ||
GLIMPSES OF HOPE | 350 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 351 | ||
REFERENCES | 351 | ||
Chapter 25. Securing the Future for Nepal's Tigers: Lessons from the Past and Present | 354 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 355 | ||
HISTORIC OVERVIEW OF TIGERS IN NEPAL: EARLY 1900 TO 1970 | 356 | ||
TIGER RESEARCH: 1972 TO 1998 | 357 | ||
TIGER POPULATION VIABILITY: RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS | 359 | ||
NEPAL'S FIRST TIGER ACTION PLAN: 1999 | 360 | ||
LANDSCAPE SCALE MONITORING: TIGERS AND THEIR PREY | 361 | ||
TIGERS AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY: INTERACTION BETWEEN SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS | 362 | ||
RESPONDING TO PROBLEM TIGERS | 363 | ||
LESSONS FROM NEPAL FOR FUTURE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT | 365 | ||
REFERENCES | 366 | ||
Chapter 26. Tigers of the Sundarbans | 368 | ||
REFERENCE | 370 | ||
SOUTHEAST ASIA | 372 | ||
Chapter 27. Tigers and People in the Malay World: Four Centuries of Confrontation and Coexistence in Comparative Asian Perspective | 372 | ||
PEOPLE KILLED BY TIGERS | 373 | ||
TIGERS KILLED BY PEOPLE | 374 | ||
STRUCTURAL CAUSES OF HUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTS | 374 | ||
INCIDENTAL CAUSES | 375 | ||
MAN-EATING TIGERS | 376 | ||
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE | 378 | ||
REFERENCES | 379 | ||
Chapter 28. Costs and Benefits of Sustaining Wild Tigers in Cambodia: A Strategic Economic Perspective | 380 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 380 | ||
THE CHANGING STATUS OF TIGERS IN CAMBODIA: 1993 TO 2006 | 381 | ||
GENERAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CONSERVATION AT THE SCALE OF ENTIRE TIGER LANDSCAPES | 383 | ||
TIGER CONSERVATION NEEDS | 387 | ||
REFERENCES | 388 | ||
Chapter 29. The Malayan Tiger | 390 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 390 | ||
FOREST COVER, TIGER DISTRIBUTION, AND POTENTIAL POPULATION SIZE | 391 | ||
MAJOR THREATS AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS | 393 | ||
REFERENCES | 398 | ||
Chapter 30. The Biology and Politics of Sumatran Tigers: Crash of the Conservation Garuda | 400 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 400 | ||
INDONESIA'S MODERN TIGER HISTORY | 402 | ||
THE BIOLOGY OF SUMATRAN TIGERS IN LOWLAND FORESTS | 404 | ||
FIRE AND TIGERS | 407 | ||
HUMAN DIMENSION OF TIGER CONSERVATION | 408 | ||
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF TIGERS | 409 | ||
LOCAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS TIGERS, PARKS, AND CONSERVATION | 410 | ||
IMPROVING INDONESIAN ZOOS | 412 | ||
THE DARK LEGACY OF KKN | 413 | ||
THE TIGER'S RIGHT TO LIFE | 416 | ||
REFERENCES | 417 | ||
Chapter 31. The Claws of a Dilemma: Can Big Business Contribute to Tiger Conservation in Indonesia? | 418 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 418 | ||
THE ZSL-PT ASIATIC PERSADA JAMBI TIGER PROJECT | 419 | ||
REASSESSING THE ROLE OF BIG BUSINESS IN TIGER CONSERVATION | 420 | ||
IS IT WORTH CONSERVING TIGERS OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS? | 420 | ||
IS BIG BUSINESS AN IMPORTANT PLAYER OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS? | 421 | ||
IS ENGAGEMENT THE BEST STRATEGY FOR DEALING WITH BIG BUSINESS? | 422 | ||
TIGER CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES—THE WAY FORWARD | 423 | ||
REFERENCES | 424 | ||
RUSSIA | 426 | ||
Chapter 32. Science-based Conservation of Amur Tigers in the Russian Far East and Northeast China | 426 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 427 | ||
WHAT ROLE DOES SCIENCE PLAY IN CONSERVATION OF TIGERS? | 428 | ||
SURVEYING AND MONITORING THE AMUR TIGER POPULATION | 429 | ||
HABITAT LOSS AND LAND-USE PLANNING FOR TIGERS | 434 | ||
IMPACT OF POACHING ON TIGER POPULATIONS | 441 | ||
DISCUSSION | 443 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 444 | ||
REFERENCES | 445 | ||
Chapter 33. Tiger Education in the Primorsky Region of Russia | 448 | ||
ECOLOGICAL FESTIVALS IN PRIMORYE | 449 | ||
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND ECOLOGICAL CENTERS | 450 | ||
CHINA | 454 | ||
Chapter 34. King of the Hundred Beasts: A Long View of Tigers in Southern China | 454 | ||
REFERENCES | 461 | ||
Chapter 35. Yin and Yang of Tiger Conservation in China | 462 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 462 | ||
MODERN HISTORY OF CAPTIVE TIGERS IN CHINA | 463 | ||
RECENT HISTORY OF WILD TIGERS IN CHINA | 465 | ||
RESTORING WILD SOUTH CHINA TIGERS | 469 | ||
PARTING THOUGHTS: THE FUTURE OF TIGER CONSERVATION IN CHINA | 471 | ||
REFERENCES | 473 | ||
Chapter 36. Tiger Restoration and Biodiversity Refugia in Asia: 'Picking Up' the Pieces | 476 | ||
SOUTHERN CHINA: CIRCA 2001 | 476 | ||
EMERGING TIGER CONSERVATION FRAMEWORKS IN ASIA | 477 | ||
CONSERVATION OPPORTUNISM, BIODIVERSITY REFUGIA, AND THE TIGER'S CURRENCY | 478 | ||
RETURNING SOUTH CHINA TIGERS TO THE WILD | 478 | ||
REFERENCES | 479 | ||
Chapter 37. The Struggle to Save the Last South China Tigers | 480 | ||
EARLY CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT | 481 | ||
POPULATION STATUS AND GOALS | 482 | ||
POTENTIAL LIMITING FACTORS | 483 | ||
FUTURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA TIGER | 483 | ||
REFERENCES | 484 | ||
Chapter 38. Tiger Farms and Pharmacies: The Central Importance of China's Trade Policy for Tiger Conservation | 486 | ||
OVERVIEW | 486 | ||
CHINA'S CONSUMPTION OF TIGER BONE MEDICINE SPARKS A CRISIS IN THE EARLY 1990S | 487 | ||
THE DECLINE OF CHINA'S TIGER BONE TRADE | 489 | ||
THE RISE OF CHINA'S TIGER FARMS | 491 | ||
FAKING IT: AN ALTERNATIVE LEGAL SUPPLY HAS NOT BENEFITED WILD TIGERS | 493 | ||
TIGERS SHOULD NOT BE BRED FOR TRADE IN THEIR PARTS AND DERIVATIVES | 495 | ||
REFERENCES | 497 | ||
Chapter 39. Tigers, Economics, and the Regulation of Trade | 500 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 500 | ||
TIGER CONSERVATION AS AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM | 501 | ||
APPLYING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TO TIGER CONSERVATION | 502 | ||
THREATS TO WILD TIGERS | 503 | ||
ARGUMENTS CONCERNING TRADE | 504 | ||
POACHING AND THE INFLUENCE OF TRADE | 505 | ||
THE EFFECT OF TRADE BANS | 506 | ||
THE EFFECT OF TRADE BANS ON WILDLIFE POACHING | 507 | ||
EVIDENCE IN THE TIGER TRADE | 508 | ||
IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY | 510 | ||
CONCLUSION | 511 | ||
REFERENCES | 512 | ||
PART V: FUTURE OF TIGERS | 514 | ||
Chapter 40. Roads to Recovery or Catastrophic Loss: How Will the Next Decade End for Wild Tigers? | 516 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 517 | ||
EVOLUTION OF A LANDSCAPE-BASED APPROACH TO TIGER CONSERVATION | 517 | ||
REVISITING THE BASE MAP: TIGER CONSERVATION LANDSCAPES | 518 | ||
EMERGING AND INTENSIFYING THREATS TO WILD TIGERS | 520 | ||
THREE SCENARIOS: ALTERNATIVE FUTURES FOR WILD TIGERS | 520 | ||
REFERENCES | 528 | ||
Chapter 41. The Next 20 Years of Tiger Science, Politics, and Conservation | 530 | ||
THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF TIGER CONSERVATION | 531 | ||
POLICIES, PRIORITIES, AND PARTNERSHIPS FOR TIGER CONSERVATION | 532 | ||
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND HIGHLIGHTS | 534 | ||
THE NEXT 20 YEARS | 536 | ||
A CLOSING THOUGHT ON THE CHALLENGES FROM THE TIGER'S PERSPECTIVE | 540 | ||
REFERENCES | 540 | ||
Index | 542 | ||
A | 542 | ||
B | 542 | ||
C | 543 | ||
D | 543 | ||
E | 543 | ||
F | 543 | ||
G | 544 | ||
H | 544 | ||
I | 544 | ||
J | 544 | ||
K | 544 | ||
L | 544 | ||
M | 544 | ||
N | 544 | ||
O | 545 | ||
P | 545 | ||
R | 545 | ||
S | 545 | ||
T | 546 | ||
U | 547 | ||
V | 547 | ||
W | 547 | ||
Y | 547 | ||
Z | 547 |