Biofuels - Securing the Planet's Future Energy Needs
von: Ayhan Demirbas
Springer-Verlag, 2008
ISBN: 9781848820111
Sprache: Englisch
343 Seiten, Download: 4427 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
| Preface | 5 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction to Energy Sources | 11 | ||
| 1.2 Short Supply of Fossil Fuels | 14 | ||
| 1.3 Introduction to Renewable and Biorenewable Sources | 28 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Biomass Feedstocks | 55 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction to Biomass Feedstocks | 55 | ||
| 2.2 Biomass Characterization | 68 | ||
| 2.3 Biomass Fuel Analyses | 71 | ||
| 2.4 Biomass Optimization and Valorization | 75 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| Biofuels | 96 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction to Biofuels | 96 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| Biorenewable Liquid Fuels | 111 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction to Biorenewable Liquid Fuels | 111 | ||
| 4.2 Bioalcohols | 113 | ||
| 4.3 Bioethanol | 116 | ||
| 4.4 Biomethanol | 130 | ||
| 4.5 Vegetable Oils | 134 | ||
| 4.6 Biodiesel | 164 | ||
| 4.7 Bio-oils from Biorenewables | 219 | ||
| 4.8 Other Alternate Liquid Fuels | 225 | ||
| References | 231 | ||
| Biorenewable Gaseous Fuels | 239 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction to Biorenewable Gaseous Fuels | 239 | ||
| 5.2 Biogas | 240 | ||
| 5.3 Landfill Gas | 253 | ||
| 5.4 Crude Gases from Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass | 256 | ||
| 5.5 Biohydrogen from Biorenewable Feedstocks | 257 | ||
| 5.6 Gaseous Fuels from Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis of Biomass | 263 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| Thermochemical Conversion Processes | 269 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction to Thermochemical Conversion Processes | 269 | ||
| 6.2 Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Biorenewables | 272 | ||
| 6.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biorenewable Feedstocks | 274 | ||
| 6.4 Direct Combustion of Biomass | 279 | ||
| 6.5 Direct Liquefaction | 283 | ||
| 6.6 Pyrolysis Processes | 285 | ||
| 6.7 Gasification Research and Development | 291 | ||
| References | 310 | ||
| Biofuel Economy | 313 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction to Biofuel Economy | 313 | ||
| 7.2 Biofuel Economy | 315 | ||
| References | 324 | ||
| Biofuel Policy | 327 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction to Biofuel Policy | 327 | ||
| 8.2 Biofuel Policy | 328 | ||
| 8.3 Global Biofuel Projections | 333 | ||
| References | 336 | ||
| Index | 338 |