Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities
von: Gereon Meyer, Susan Shaheen
Springer-Verlag, 2017
ISBN: 9783319516028
Sprache: Englisch
346 Seiten, Download: 7174 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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Disrupting Mobility - Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities
Preface | 6 | ||
Contents | 10 | ||
Public Sector Activities | 12 | ||
1 Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045—A National Dialogue About Future Transportation Opportunities and Challenges | 13 | ||
Abstract | 13 | ||
1 Introduction: Beyond Traffic: Trends and Choices 2045 | 13 | ||
2 How We Move | 14 | ||
2.1 Growing Travel Demand in Metropolitan Areas | 14 | ||
2.2 Slowing Demand for Vehicle Travel | 15 | ||
2.3 The Travel Preferences of Older and Younger Americans | 16 | ||
2.4 Increasing Travel Choices | 16 | ||
2.5 Improving Safety | 17 | ||
2.6 Key Policy Options | 17 | ||
3 How We Move Things | 18 | ||
3.1 Growing Freight Demand and International Trade | 18 | ||
3.2 Impacts of Freight on Our Communities and Environment | 18 | ||
3.3 Innovations in Freight | 19 | ||
3.4 Workforce Challenges | 20 | ||
3.5 Moving Fuel | 20 | ||
3.6 Key Policy Options | 21 | ||
4 How We Move Better | 21 | ||
4.1 Nontransportation Technologies Transforming Transportation | 21 | ||
4.2 Advances in Aviation Technology | 22 | ||
4.3 Connected and Automated Vehicles | 22 | ||
4.4 Key Policy Options | 23 | ||
5 How We Adapt | 23 | ||
5.1 Increasingly Vulnerable Infrastructure | 23 | ||
5.2 Limiting Transportation Emissions | 24 | ||
5.3 Supporting Hybrid, Electric, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles | 24 | ||
5.4 Key Policy Options | 25 | ||
6 How We Align Decisions and Dollars | 25 | ||
6.1 Coordinating Transportation Decisions | 26 | ||
6.2 Constrained Transportation Revenues | 26 | ||
6.3 Innovative Financing | 27 | ||
6.4 Improving Efficiency | 28 | ||
6.5 Key Policy Options | 28 | ||
7 Conclusion | 29 | ||
References | 29 | ||
2 Creating an Innovative Mobility Ecosystem for Urban Planning Areas | 31 | ||
Abstract | 31 | ||
1 Introduction: A Mobility Megatrend | 31 | ||
2 Developing a Framework for the Mobility Ecosystem Model | 33 | ||
2.1 Clean and Healthy Cities: The Challenges of Urban Mobility and Smart City Building | 35 | ||
2.2 Sociability: Changing Socioeconomic Structure and Travel Patterns | 35 | ||
2.3 Smart Growth Principles Linking the Right Mobility Mix | 36 | ||
2.4 Smart and Easy Access | 38 | ||
2.5 Safety in the Planning Process | 38 | ||
2.6 World Class Infrastructure | 39 | ||
3 Formulation of a Mobility Ecosystem in the City Planning Process | 40 | ||
3.1 Process and Resources for Mobility Ecosystem Planning Model | 40 | ||
3.2 Development of Quantitative Model for Mobility Ecosystem Planning | 41 | ||
4 Results and Discussion on Outcome of Mobility Ecosystem Model | 44 | ||
4.1 Sociability: Reinventing Multimodal Mobility with Social Innovation | 44 | ||
4.2 Smart Growth: Integration of Land-use and Mobility | 45 | ||
4.3 Smart and Easy Access for All Mobility Users | 47 | ||
4.4 Safety First Approach | 48 | ||
4.5 Recommended World Class Infrastructure | 48 | ||
4.6 Smart Use of Energy, Environment, and Healthy Planning | 50 | ||
5 Moving Forward: Implementation Process and Partners | 51 | ||
5.1 Incremental Steps and Evolution of Mobility Ecosystem Planning | 52 | ||
5.2 Critical Changes and Stakeholder Function | 52 | ||
6 Summary and Conclusions: Vision for People-Oriented Mobility Ecosystem | 53 | ||
Disclaimer | 54 | ||
References | 54 | ||
Sharing Economy and Multimodal Mobility | 58 | ||
3 How Disruptive Can Shared Mobility Be? A Scenario-Based Evaluation of Shared Mobility Systems Implemented at Large Scale | 59 | ||
Abstract | 59 | ||
1 Introduction | 59 | ||
2 Background | 60 | ||
3 Methodology | 62 | ||
3.1 Prescreening of Possible Shared Mobility Scenarios | 63 | ||
3.2 Surveys and Models | 63 | ||
3.3 Final Assessment of Shared Mobility Scenarios | 63 | ||
3.4 The Simulation Tool | 64 | ||
4 Scenarios and Preliminary Results | 64 | ||
4.1 Scenario Generation | 65 | ||
4.1.1 Car-Sharing | 65 | ||
4.1.2 Bike-Sharing | 65 | ||
4.2 Simulations: Preliminary Results | 65 | ||
4.3 Discussion | 67 | ||
5 Summary and Future Work | 68 | ||
Acknowledgements | 69 | ||
References | 69 | ||
4 Transit Systems and the Impacts of Shared Mobility | 72 | ||
Abstract | 72 | ||
1 Introduction | 72 | ||
2 Study Methodology | 73 | ||
3 Interview Results | 75 | ||
4 Recommended Policy Framework | 76 | ||
4.1 Better Understand the Twenty-First Century Transportation Marketplace | 77 | ||
4.2 Integrate City and Transit Agency Planning, Regulation and Other Actions that Affect Transportation Markets and Systems | 78 | ||
4.3 Launch Immediate Policy Initiatives and Pilot Programs to Find Synergies and Uncover Needed Institutional and Policy Reforms | 81 | ||
5 Conclusion | 83 | ||
5 Shared Mobility in Asian Megacities: The Rise of the Apps | 84 | ||
Abstract | 84 | ||
1 Introduction | 85 | ||
2 Shared Mobility in Manila | 85 | ||
2.1 Current Shared Transport Operations | 85 | ||
2.2 Governing Shared Transport | 86 | ||
3 App-Based Mobility in Manila: The Uber and Grab Experience | 87 | ||
3.1 Launch and Early Operations | 87 | ||
3.2 The Transport Network Vehicle Service Classification | 88 | ||
3.3 Latest Developments (As of Spring 2016) | 89 | ||
3.4 Uptake and Response | 90 | ||
3.5 Differences Between TNCs | 91 | ||
4 Challenges and Opportunities for Shared App-Based Transport in Developing Megacities | 91 | ||
4.1 Social and Employment Impact Considerations | 92 | ||
4.2 Impact on Congestion | 92 | ||
4.3 Data Sharing Needs and Considerations | 93 | ||
5 Conclusion/Final Thoughts | 94 | ||
References | 94 | ||
6 What Drives the Usage of Intelligent Traveler Information Systems? | 96 | ||
Abstract | 96 | ||
1 Introduction | 97 | ||
2 Literature Review | 98 | ||
2.1 Intelligent Traveler Information Systems | 98 | ||
2.2 User Heterogeneity and Mobility Decisions | 99 | ||
2.3 Technology Acceptance in Transportation | 99 | ||
3 Model Development | 100 | ||
4 Model Evaluation | 102 | ||
4.1 Data Acquisition | 102 | ||
4.2 Measurement Model | 102 | ||
4.3 Cluster Variables | 104 | ||
4.4 Structural Model | 104 | ||
5 Conclusion and Future Research | 105 | ||
5.1 Conclusion | 105 | ||
5.2 Limitations and Future Research | 107 | ||
References | 108 | ||
7 You Are What You Share: Understanding Participation Motives in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing | 112 | ||
Abstract | 112 | ||
1 The Rise of Access-Based Services | 112 | ||
2 Methodological Background—A Brief Introduction into Means-End Chain Theory | 114 | ||
3 The People Who Share—the Study’s Participants | 116 | ||
4 The Findings—You Share Because You Care? | 117 | ||
4.1 Car Owners | 118 | ||
4.1.1 Cost Cutters | 118 | ||
4.1.2 Enjoyment Enhancers | 118 | ||
4.1.3 Experience Enablers | 119 | ||
4.2 Renters | 120 | ||
4.2.1 Savings Seekers | 120 | ||
4.2.2 Convenience Seekers | 120 | ||
4.2.3 Expression Seekers | 121 | ||
4.2.4 Certitude Seekers | 121 | ||
5 Management Takeaways | 122 | ||
5.1 How to Better Attract Car Owners | 122 | ||
5.2 How to Grow the Renter Base | 124 | ||
References | 125 | ||
8 Multimodal Transportation Payments Convergence—Key to Mobility | 127 | ||
Abstract | 127 | ||
1 Introduction to Transportation Payment Convergence | 127 | ||
2 Approaches to Payment Convergence | 129 | ||
2.1 Common Payment Media | 130 | ||
2.2 Common or Linked Accounts and Bundled Mobility Services | 131 | ||
2.3 Multimodal Portals and Apps | 133 | ||
2.4 Co-marketing, Incentives, and Gamification | 134 | ||
3 Benefits of Payments Convergence | 135 | ||
4 Opportunities to Develop and Implement Multimodal Payments | 136 | ||
5 Conclusion | 137 | ||
References | 138 | ||
9 System Effects of Widespread Use of Fully Automated Vehicles—Three Scenarios | 140 | ||
Abstract | 140 | ||
1 Introduction | 140 | ||
2 Literature Review | 141 | ||
3 Approach | 142 | ||
3.1 Modeling Technique and Interviews | 143 | ||
3.2 Scenario Development | 144 | ||
3.3 Baseline Model | 145 | ||
4 Introducing Automated Driving: Three Scenarios | 145 | ||
4.1 Scenario 1: Technology Changes, but We Do Not | 146 | ||
4.2 Scenario 2: Technology Changes Our Mode Choice | 147 | ||
4.3 Scenario 3: New Technologies Offer New Opportunities | 149 | ||
5 Discussion | 150 | ||
References | 152 | ||
10 Smartphone App Evolution and Early Understanding from a Multimodal App User Survey | 154 | ||
Abstract | 154 | ||
1 Introduction | 155 | ||
2 History and Evolution of Smartphone Applications | 156 | ||
3 Transportation Smartphone Apps | 160 | ||
4 Impacts of Multi-modal Apps on Travel Behavior: 2016 Exploratory Survey of Multi-modal Transportation Information App Users | 163 | ||
5 Challenges and Opportunities for Adoption and Mainstreaming of App-Based Services | 166 | ||
6 Conclusion | 167 | ||
Acknowledgments | 168 | ||
References | 168 | ||
11 Getting Around with Maps and Apps: How ICT Sways Mode Choice | 170 | ||
Abstract | 170 | ||
1 Introduction | 170 | ||
2 Literature | 171 | ||
3 Methodology | 173 | ||
3.1 Respondent Requirements and Data Collection | 174 | ||
4 Pre-survey Results | 174 | ||
5 Discussion Summaries | 176 | ||
5.1 Bay Ridge—A Case of Too Few Options | 177 | ||
5.2 Greenpoint—A Case of Too Many (Mediocre) Options | 179 | ||
5.3 Yonkers—When Driving Is the Default Option | 181 | ||
6 Key Themes and Conclusions | 183 | ||
References | 184 | ||
12 Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar | 185 | ||
Abstract | 185 | ||
1 Introduction | 185 | ||
2 Background | 187 | ||
3 Methodology | 189 | ||
3.1 Study Limitations | 189 | ||
4 Results | 190 | ||
4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics | 190 | ||
4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Carpooling Usage | 192 | ||
4.3 Frequency of Carpooling Use | 193 | ||
4.4 Trip Purpose | 193 | ||
4.5 Passenger Versus Driver Role | 194 | ||
4.6 Motivations | 195 | ||
4.7 Alternative Mode in the Absence of Carpooling | 196 | ||
4.8 BlaBlaCar Use Frequency and Ordinal Regression Analysis | 196 | ||
5 Conclusion | 199 | ||
References | 200 | ||
13 A Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Ridesourcing on Transportation | 201 | ||
Abstract | 201 | ||
1 Introduction | 202 | ||
2 Literature Review | 203 | ||
2.1 Evolving Transportation Services | 203 | ||
2.2 Travel Demand Models and Transportation Styles | 205 | ||
3 A Framework to Account for Ridesourcing | 206 | ||
4 Expected Results | 210 | ||
5 Discussion | 211 | ||
References | 212 | ||
Innovative Transportation Technologies and City Design | 214 | ||
14 Disrupting Mobility: Decarbonising Transport? | 215 | ||
Abstract | 215 | ||
1 Introduction | 215 | ||
2 Transport Scenarios: Overview and Analysis | 217 | ||
2.1 Scenarios Taken into Account | 217 | ||
2.2 Typology of Scenario Studies | 219 | ||
3 Analysis and Comparative Evaluation of Selected Global Scenarios | 222 | ||
3.1 Distances Travelled | 222 | ||
3.2 Target Goal: GHG Emissions | 223 | ||
3.3 Target Goal: Primary Energy Use | 224 | ||
4 Conclusion and Research Outlook: Disrupting Mobility? | 226 | ||
Acknowledgments | 232 | ||
Appendix | 232 | ||
References | 236 | ||
15 Accessibility in Cities: Transport and Urban Form | 240 | ||
Abstract | 240 | ||
1 Introduction | 240 | ||
2 Accessibility in Cities and Implications for Carbon Emissions | 241 | ||
2.1 Urban Accessibility Pathways | 242 | ||
2.2 Carbon Emissions from the Provision of Access in Cities | 245 | ||
3 Assessment: Monetisation of Related Costs and Benefits | 248 | ||
3.1 Direct Costs and Benefits | 249 | ||
3.2 Indirect Costs and Benefits | 251 | ||
4 Patterns, Trends and Tipping Points | 252 | ||
4.1 Urban Form: Ongoing Urban Sprawl or More Compact Urban Development? | 253 | ||
4.2 Mobility Behaviour: Conventional Motorisation or New Urban Mobility? | 254 | ||
4.3 Technological Change: Business as Usual or Disruptive Innovation? | 258 | ||
5 Enabling Accessibility Through Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport | 261 | ||
5.1 Barriers | 261 | ||
5.2 Planning and Regulation: Shaping Cities Across Temporal and Geographic Scales | 262 | ||
5.3 Instruments for Shaping Incentives and Mobilising Revenue | 263 | ||
5.4 Policy for Innovation and Technological Disruption | 263 | ||
6 Conclusion | 264 | ||
Acknowledgements | 265 | ||
References | 266 | ||
16 Mobility Patterns in Shared, Autonomous, and Connected Urban Transport | 275 | ||
Abstract | 275 | ||
1 Introduction | 276 | ||
2 Predictions from Experiences | 278 | ||
3 Simulation Applications | 279 | ||
3.1 Experimenting with Different DRT Systems | 279 | ||
3.2 Comparing Buses and on-Demand Systems | 280 | ||
3.3 Motivating Behavioral Change | 281 | ||
3.4 Using Simulations to Test Optimization Strategies | 282 | ||
4 The Role of User Interfaces | 285 | ||
5 Conclusions and Outlook | 285 | ||
Acknowledgements | 287 | ||
References | 287 | ||
17 Transit Leap: A Deployment Path for Shared-Use Autonomous Vehicles that Supports Sustainability | 291 | ||
Abstract | 291 | ||
1 Introduction | 291 | ||
1.1 World Vehicle Growth Is High and not Slowing | 292 | ||
1.2 Humans Will Continue to Demand Motorized Mobility | 293 | ||
2 Could Shared Fleets Dominate Future Automobility? | 294 | ||
3 Municipal and Regional Governments Can Respond | 296 | ||
4 Evolution Toward Robo-Cars | 297 | ||
5 Transit Leap | 298 | ||
5.1 Transit Leap and Mobility Digitization | 300 | ||
6 Conclusion: Innovation and Integration | 301 | ||
7 Recommendation: Avoiding Ugly Disruption | 303 | ||
References | 304 | ||
18 Biking and the Connected City | 306 | ||
Abstract | 306 | ||
1 Introduction | 306 | ||
2 The Future of Biking: The Connected Bike, the Smart Bike, and the Electric Bike | 307 | ||
2.1 The Connected and Smart Bike | 308 | ||
2.2 The Electric Bike | 310 | ||
2.3 The Bike of the Future: Connected, Smart, and Pedelectric | 312 | ||
3 The Role of the Connected and Smart Bike in the Connected City | 313 | ||
3.1 The Role of Connected, Smart, and Electric Bikes in Encouraging Increased Bike Use | 313 | ||
3.2 The Role of Transportation Agencies in Increasing Bike Use | 316 | ||
3.2.1 Dynamic Cycling Infrastructure Management (DCIM) | 316 | ||
3.2.2 Bike-to-Infrastructure Communication | 317 | ||
3.2.3 GIS-Disks and the “Last-Mile-Home” | 317 | ||
3.2.4 Using Connected Cycle Data to Improve the Cycling Experience and Encourage Cyclists | 318 | ||
3.3 Transportation Agency as Bike Transportation Manager | 319 | ||
4 Future Research | 319 | ||
References | 320 | ||
19 iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge | 321 | ||
Abstract | 321 | ||
1 Introduction | 322 | ||
2 Related Work | 323 | ||
2.1 Related Research | 323 | ||
2.2 Literature Review | 324 | ||
3 Description of the Transportation Challenge | 326 | ||
3.1 UAV Technology as Advanced ITS Platform | 327 | ||
3.2 ITS Platform Characteristics | 328 | ||
4 Conclusions | 330 | ||
References | 331 | ||
20 Mobilescapes: A New Frontier for Urban, Vehicle, and Media Design | 332 | ||
Abstract | 332 | ||
1 Introduction | 332 | ||
2 Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Urban Mobility | 333 | ||
3 Approaching Mobilescapes | 335 | ||
4 Apprehension of Latent Needs in Dynamics Environments | 336 | ||
4.1 Realm (Time-Sensitive, Space-Based) | 336 | ||
4.2 Dynamics of Urban Life (Space-Affecting, Time-Based) | 337 | ||
4.3 Toward a Synthesis of Latent Needs | 337 | ||
5 The Functions of Mobilescapes | 338 | ||
5.1 Primary Functions | 339 | ||
5.2 Secondary Functions | 340 | ||
6 A Route Map for the Development of Mobilescapes | 341 | ||
6.1 Vehicle Definition | 341 | ||
6.1.1 Vehicle Dynamics | 341 | ||
6.1.2 Design Articulation of Vehicle Space | 343 | ||
6.2 Control Systems | 343 | ||
7 Conclusion | 344 | ||
References | 345 |